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JOCHEN GARTZ
MAGIC MUSHROOMS
Around the World
A Scientific Journey Across Cultures and
Time
The Case for Challenging Research
and Value Systems
* LIS PUBLICATIONS * LOS ANGELES, CA*
Figure 1 - Water Color Painting of Psilocybe semilanceata
(Germany, 1927)
TABLE OF CONTENT (With Active Links' Just Click On A Subject To Go To The Page)
"Who Was the First Magician?" - Foreword by Christian Ratsch 7
1. Introduction 9
2. Reflections on the History and Scientific Study of Magic Mushrooms 10
3. The Current State of Knowledge About European Species 14
3.1 Psilocybe semilanceata: The Classic Species Among European Psychotropic Mushrooms 16
3.2 Psilocybe cyanescens: Potent Mushrooms Growing on Wood Debris 29
3.
3 Panaeolus subbalteatus: Mycology and Myths about the Panaeolus Species 37
3.4 Inocybe aeruginascens: Fast-Spreading New Arrivals 44
3.5 Gymnopilus purpuratus: Magnificent Mushrooms from South America 51
3.6 Conocybe cyanopus: Tiny Mushrooms of Remarkable Potency 55
3.7 Pluteus
psilocybe cubensis spores uk salicinus: A Little-known Wood-Inhabiting Species 58
4. Mushroom
psilocybe cubensis spores uk
Identification: Taxonomic Confusion and the Potential for Deadly Mistakes 61
5.
The Bluing Phenomenon and Metol Testing: Reality vs. Wishful Thinking 63
6. Mushroom Cultivation: Classic Findings and New Techniques 66
7. Psychotropic Mushroom Species Around the World 77
7.1
psilocybe cubensis spores uk Spotlight on North America and Hawaii 79
7.2 Mycophilia in Central and South America 82
7.
3 Australia's Mycoflora Attracts Attention 84
7.
4 European Customs and Conventions 87
7.5 Japanese Experimentation 93
7.
6 Intoxications and the Oldest Known Mushroom Cult in Africa 95
7.7 Usage in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific Islands 98
8. Some Comments on Effects of Mushrooms from the Category Phantastika 102
9.
Psychotherapy 108
10. Outlook 114
11. Bibliography 120
Index 129
Figure 2 - Psilocybe cubensis from Australia
Figure 3 - Water color painting of Panaeolus subbalteatus (Germany, 1927).
Figure 4 - Fresh Panaeolus subbalteatus mushrooms.
FOREWORD
Nobody knows precisely when the first magic
mushroom emerged from the shadows of
prehistory to enter the light of consciousness.
Nobody knows when the first magic mushroom
was eaten by a human being. Nobody knows
just who the first magic mushroom eater was. In
seeking answers to these questions, we can only
speculate. Mycophobes, however, are quick to
voice their conviction that only a fool would be
reckless enough to want to attain a higher state
of consciousness beyond the boundaries of
everyday reality. And only
Erowid a fool would attempt
to do this by ingesting those odd little things that
mysteriously thrive on decaying, humid soil,
rotten wood and malodorous mounds of cow
manure.
Historically, magic, mushrooms have
been feared and hated` since antiquity: magic
mushrooms were thought to be made from
poisons that had dripped from serpents' fangs;
they were considered to be unclean emissions of
evil spirits; moreover, mushrooms were a kn
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35]
ered hallucinogens, which are often defined
in terms of negatively loaded labels.
Even worse,
such prejudicial thinking distorts an objective,
scientifically neutral approach to the study of these
substances. The label "fool's mushroom" first
appeared during the 1930s, along with "Mexican
mushroom of insanity". In the 1950s, the Central
American mushroom cults were discovered and the
mushrooms themselves were renamed "Mexican
magic mushrooms", in recognition of their
psychotropic effects and to emphasize the
significance of the mushrooms' early integration
into the social fabric of the cultures that cherished
them.
Later on, the relatively neutral label
"hallucinogenic mushroom" came into use in the
mycological literature. Other designations that
gained and lost popularity over time include the
somewhat derogatory term "intoxicating
mushrooms" and the essentially meaningless "drug
mushrooms".
Scientifically Unbiased Hallucinations?
Following his experiments with magic
mushrooms in Mexico during the summer of 1960,
T. Leary returned to Harvard University and began
to study psilocybin as a variable in the
administration of standard psychological test
batteries. His initial focus was diluted when he
continued to expand his experiments to include
increasingly broader settings and applications. In
reaction to Leary's markedly unorthodox
approach, the American press began to portray
psilocybin mushrooms in terms of slanderous
terminology that far exceeded the negative
connotations of labels such
Stropharia Cubensis as "fool's mushrooms".
Descriptions of the mushrooms' effects included
claims that users experienced "death-like states".
Proponents of psilocybin research were
accused of denying that the alkaloid caused "semipermanent
brain damage". This pseudo-scientific
jumble of meaningless jargon was symptomatic of
the sharply escalating controversy surrounding
hallucinogenic substances. Increasingly, news
reports on psilocybin were eclipsed by massive
amounts of publicity about LSD - the most
Psilocybe Cubensis Spores Uk potent
hallucinogen ever discovered.
The subsequent
frenzy of legislative attempts to control LSD
resulted in ever tighter restrictions on the scientific
study of not only LSD, but psilocybin as Related Library well.
Mind-altering substances were no longer thought
of in terms of their specific effects and properties,
but rather were lumped together into a single
group of dangerous chemicals. As antidrug
hysteria continued to intensify, scientific and
pharmacological distinctions became all but
irrelevant: hallucinogens were no longer viewed Spores Psiocybe Caerulipes Caerulipes as
different from other classes of dangerous and
physically addictive drugs, such as heroin or the
opiates. This demonization of hallucinogens was
successful in spite of massive research efforts that
began when Sandoz Pharmaceuticals decided to
distribute psilocybin to qualified scientists for
experimental and psychotherapeutic purposes. By
employing the method for Spores Psiocybe Caerulipes Caerulipes synthesis of psilocybin
developed