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ered hallucinogens, which are often defined
in terms of negatively loaded labels. Even worse,
such prejudicial thinking distorts an objective,
scientifically neutral approach to the study of these
substances. The label "fool's mushroom" first
appeared during the 1930s, along with "Mexican
mushroom of insanity". In the 1950s, the Central
American mushroom cults were discovered and the
mushrooms themselves were renamed "Mexican
magic mushrooms", in recognition of their
psychotropic effects and to emphasize the
significance of the mushrooms' early integration
into the social fabric of the cultures that cherished
them.
Later on, the relatively neutral label
"hallucinogenic mushroom" came into use in the
mycological literature. Other designations that
gained and lost popularity over time include the
somewhat derogatory term "intoxicating
mushrooms" and the essentially meaningless "drug
mushrooms".
Scientifically Unbiased Hallucinations?
Following his experiments with magic
mushrooms in Mexico during the summer of 1960,
T. Leary returned to Harvard University and began
to study psilocybin as a variable in the
administration of standard psychological test
batteries. His initial focus was diluted when he
continued to expand his experiments to include
increasingly broader settings and applications. In
reaction to Leary's markedly unorthodox
approach, the American press began to portray
psilocybin mushrooms in terms of slanderous
terminology that far exceeded the negative
connotations of labels such as "fool's mushrooms".
Descriptions of the mushrooms' effects included
claims that users experienced "death-like states".
Proponents of psilocybin research were
accused of denying that the alkaloid caused "semipermanent
brain damage". This pseudo-scientific
jumble of meaningless jargon was symptomatic of
the sharply escalating controversy surrounding
hallucinogenic substances. Increasingly, news
reports on psilocybin were eclipsed by massive
amounts of publicity about LSD - the most potent
hallucinogen ever discovered. The subsequent
frenzy of legislative attempts to control LSD
resulted in ever tighter restrictions on the scientific
study of not only LSD, but psilocybin as well.
Mind-altering substances were no longer thought
of in terms of their specific effects and properties,
but rather were lumped together into a single
group of dangerous chemicals. As antidrug
hysteria continued to intensify, scientific and
pharmacological distinctions became all but
irrelevant: hallucinogens were no longer viewed as
different from other classes of dangerous and
physically addictive drugs, such as heroin or the
opiates. This demonization of hallucinogens was
successful in spite of massive research efforts that
began when Sandoz Pharmaceuticals decided to
distribute psilocybin to qualified scientists for
experimental and psychotherapeutic purposes. By
employing the method for synthesis of psilocybin
developed
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the
course of his selfexperiment on June 29,
1955.
Very little is known about the chemical
composition of the collections cited above. I
analysed a few mushrooms from collections
found in the Rheinland area of Germany in
1989. The results were as follows:
Psilocybin: 0.51 %
England of dried mushrooms
Psilocin: 0.08 % of dried mushrooms
Baeocystin: 0.04% of dried mushrooms
A few other analyses of German
mushrooms yielded similar results. These
values were well within the range of
concentrations of alkaloids found in Mexican
species.The most extensive studies on
distribution, psychoactivity and chemical
compounds of Psilocybe cyanescens complex
were conducted in the former
Czechoslovakia, where the mushrooms are
generally known as Psilocybe bohemica, a
name which is also used in the text below.
well as on decaying pine cones. Several
specimens up to 15 cm (6 in.) tall with caps up to
5 cm (2 in.) broad were found growing on a
rotting log whose underside was exposed to the
running water. A water-loving Psilocybe species,
it primarily fruits in late autumn (see Figure 21,
below), when short night frosts induce maximum
possible fruiting. The brown caps are strongly
hygrophanous and their color fades to a whitemilky
brown when dried. Its odor has been
compared to anything from radishes to poppies.
In my experience, the odor is highly variable and
thus difficult to define. Young, dry mushrooms
develop intensely blue stains in response to
handling, while older fruiting bodies tend to be
found at the location with dark blue stains already
in place. It is remarkable that the mushrooms
were fruiting at the same location near Poricko
for so many years in a row, producing a large
number of fruiting bodies each year.
Unfortunately, in recent years the location was
partially destroyed, due to construction of a road.
By late 1982, the mushroom species had
been found at 51 locations in the former
Czechoslovakia, with only seven of them located
in Bohemia, 40 in Moravia, and four in Slovakia.
Elevations vary from 200 m to 700 m (600 ft to
2,100 ft) above sea level, with only two locations
known to exist above 700 m (2,100 ft). By this
time, 112 collections
Mushroom Growing Kits had been reported, 44 of
which came from the classic location near
Sazava.
An Amazing Discovery Near Poricko
Kubicka first discovered the species on
December 6 and 13, 1942 in the Kresicky
Creek Valley village of Poricko v Pozavi near
Sazava (Czech Republic). In 1950,
mycologist Herink described the mushrooms
in detail. He also believes that Fries classified
mushrooms of the Psilocybe cyanescens
complex as Psilocybe callosa during the 19th
century. On November 11, 1986 I had the
opportunity to work with Herink and other
Czech mycologists on a mycological field
research project at the location, where we
found 440 fruiting bodies (550 g or 19.6 ozs).
Covering a segment almost two miles long,
the species was fruiting among nettles along
both sides of th